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Project information
»The problem
Bolivia and Peru are among the most impoverished nations in
Latin America, with much of the poverty in large proportions
of the overall population living in the Altiplano (high plain
region) and inter-mountain valleys. The food security of rural
inhabitants in this part of South America is tenuous because
most are subsistence farmer families with small land holdings.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a major staple food
and cash crop for subsistence farming families who live in
this region. It is remarkably well-adapted to the harsh environmental
conditions of the Altiplano, which can include aridity, salinity
and frequent frosts. In some areas, it is the only crop that
can be cultivated. Quinoa is also well known for its superior
nutritional properties, especially its protein content and
ideal balance of essential amino acids. However, many farmers
are unable to produce sufficient quinoa to meet their nutritional
needs. Many rely on quinoa as a cash crop, which has become
increasingly important as the worldwide demand for quinoa
is increasing.
A few higher yielding varieties of quinoa have been developed,
and farmers have willingly adopted them. However, these varieties
represent a very narrow genetic base and, in some areas, they
are in the process of replacing landraces, a process known
as genetic erosion. Thus, immediate efforts to preserve the
genetic diversity of quinoa and its wild relatives are crucial,
as is the functioning of a breeding program that facilitates
the future development and utilization of quinoa by rural
Andean peoples.
»The approach
The project has developed a long-term germplasm conservation
program, which includes systematic collection of landraces,
documentation of farmers' scientifc knowledge and local know-how
concerning their utilization and management; and characterization
of their morphological and agronomic characteristics. The
project also involves participatory plant breeding with the
aim of providing farmers with a genetically diverse array
of quinoa varieties that incorporate such desirable characteristics
as improved tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses; enhanced
nutritive value of the grain, and improved quality for food
processing and marketing.
»The goal
The project aims at holistically improving quinoa production,
utilization and marketing in the Andean region through conservation
of quinoa genetic resources, increasing the number and genetic
diversity of new quinoa varieties through plant breeding,
rescuing and promoting traditional uses of quinoa, diversifying
food consumption, and with the promotion of food security
and generate income through the marketing of quinoa products
in domestic and international markets.
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Investigators
»Partner institutions
»Investigators at PROINPA
(*=project leader)
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Alejandro Bonifacio*
Gabriela Alandia
Sarah Apaza
Genaro Aroni
Jaime Cossio
José Garcia
Reinaldo Quispe
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Giovanna Plata
Jorge Rojas
Raúl Saravia
José Luis Soto
Amalia Vargas
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»Investigators at CIRNMA
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Roberto Valdivia
Luis Chambilla
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Giovanna Gutiérrez
Jorge Reinoso
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»Investigators at BYU
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Daniel Fairbanks
Craig Coleman
Bradley Geary
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Peter Maughan
Mikel Stevens
Joshua Udall
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Annual progress reports
Click the links below for annual progress reports.
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»Original grant
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»First renewal
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Year 5 (4/2006-3/2007)
Progress
report
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Year 6 (4/2007-3/2008)
Due 3/31/2008
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Year 7 (4/2008-3/2009)
Due 3/31/2009
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Year 8 (4/2009-3/2010)
Due 3/31/2010
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Publications
Balzotti, M.R.B, Thornton J.N, Maughan P.J, McClellan D.A,
Stevens M.R, Jellen E.N, Fairbanks D.J, Coleman C.E. Expression
and evolutionary relationships of the Chenopodium quinoa 11S
seed storage protein gene. International Journal of Plant
Science 169:281-291.
Bonifacio, A. 2003. Chenopodium sp.: Genetic Resources, Ethnobotany,
and Geographic Distribution. Food Reviews International 19(1/2)
1-7.
Bonifacio, A., Vargas, A., and Alcon, M. 2007. La segregación
natural en la quinua. In Resúmenes Congreso Internacional
de la Quinua. October 2007. Iquique, Chile.
Christensen, S.A., D.B. Pratt, C.R. Pratt, M.R Stevens, E.N.
Jellen, C.E. Coleman, D.J. Fairbanks, A. Bonifacio, and P.J.
Maughan. Assessment of genetic diversity in the USDA and CIP-FAO
international nursery collection of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa
Willd.) using sequence-based genetic markers. Plant Genetic
Resources 5:82-95
Coles N.D, C.E. Coleman, S.A. Christensen, E.N. Jellen, M.R.
Stevens, A. Bonifacio, J.A. Rojas-Beltran, D.J. Fairbanks
and P.J. Maughan. 2004. Development and Use of an Expressed
Sequenced Tag Library in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
for the Discovery of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Plant
Science 168(2):439-447
Fuentes, F.F., E.A. Martinez, P.V. Hinrichsen, E.N. Jellen,
and P.J. Maughan. 2008. Assessment of genetic diversity patterns
in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm using
multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers. Conservation
Genetics (in press, accepted, 2/08)
Jarvis DE, Kopp OR , Jellen EN, Mallory MA, Pattee J, Bonifacio
A, Coleman CE, Stevens MR, Fairbanks DJ, Maughan PJ. Simple
Sequence Repeat Development, Polymorphism and Genetic Mapping
in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Theoretical and Applied
Genetics (submitted, in review)
Jarvis, D.E., O.R. Kopp, E.N. Jellen, M.A. Mallory, J. Pattee,
A. Bonifacio, C.E. Coleman, M.R. Stevens, D.J. Fairbanks,
and P.J. Maughan. 2008. Simple Sequence Repeat Development,
Polymorphism and Genetic Mapping in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa
Willd.). Journal of Genetics 87:(in press, April 08)
Mason S.L., M.R. Stevens, E.N. Jellen, A. Bonifacio, D.J.
Fairbanks, R.R. McCarty, A.G. Rasmussen and P.J. Maughan.
2005. Development and Use of Microsatellite Markers for Germplasm
Characterization in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Crop
Science 45:1618-1630
Maughan P.J., A. Bonifacio, E.N. Jellen, M.R. Stevens, C.E.
Coleman, M. Ricks, S.L. Mason, D.E. Jarvis, B. Gardunia and
D.J. Fairbanks. 2004. A Genetic Linkage Map of Quinoa (Chenopodium
quinoa) based on AFLP, RAPD and SSR markers. Theoretical and
Applied Genetics 109:1188-1195
Maughan PJ, Bonifacio A, Jellen EN, Coleman CE, Stevens MR,
Fairbanks DJ (2007). Quinoa genomics. In: C Kole (ed) Genome
Mapping and Molecular Breeding. Volume 3. Pulse, Sugar and
Starch Crops. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. pp.147-157.
Maughan, P.J., B. Kolano, J. Maluszynska, N. Coles, A. Bonifacio,
J.R. Beltran, C.E. Coleman, M.R. Stevens, D.J. Fairbanks,
S. Parkinson, and E.N. Jellen. 2006. Molecular and cytological
characterization of ribosomal DNAs in Chenopodium quinoa and
Chenopodium berlandieri. Genome 49:825-839.
Monasterios, N. and Bonifacio. A. 2007. La evaluación
de la resistencia al mildiu de la quinua: criterio del agricultor
vs criterio del técnico. In Resúmenes Congreso
Internacional de la Quinua. October 2007. Iquique, Chile.
Soto, J.L. and Comité Técnico 3.12 Cereales-
Quinua, IBNORCA. Análisis nutricional de la materia
prima, procesada y productos transformado en base a quinua.
Fundación PROINPA-Mck. In Resúmenes Congreso
Internacional de la Quinua. October 2007. Iquique, Chile.
Soto, J.L. and Marconi, J.L. Articulación de pequeños
productores de quinua al mercado: Experiencia y Perspectiva.
Fundación PROINPA-Mck. In Resúmenes Congreso
Internacional de la Quinua. October 2007. Iquique, Chile.
Stevens, M.R., C.E. Coleman, S.E. Parkinson, P.J. Maughan,
H.-B. Zhang, M.R. Balzotti D.L. Kooyman, K. Arumuganathan,
A. Bonifacio, D. J. Fairbanks, E.N. Jellen, and J.J. Stevens.
2006. Construction of a quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
BAC library and its use in identifying genes encoding seed
storage proteins. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112: 1593-1600.
PMID 16586115.
Vargas, A. y Bonifacio A. 2007. Las fases fenológicas
de quinuas precoces, semiprecoces y tardíos de quinua.
In Resúmenes Congreso Internacional de la Quinua. October
2007. Iquique, Chile.
Wright, K.H., K.C. Huber, D.J. Fairbanks, and C.S. Huber.
(2002) Isolation and characterization of Atriplex hortensis
and sweet Chenopodium quinoa starches. Cereal Chemistry 79:715-719.
Wright, K.H., O.A. Pike, D.J. Fairbanks, and C.S. Huber. (2002)
Composition of Atriplex hortensis, sweet and bitter Chenopodium
quinoa seeds. Journal of Food Science 67:1383-1385.
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